This essay argues that perceived differences between Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Narendra Modi are largely superficial. Both leaders, shaped by Hindutva and the RSS, pursued similar ideological and policy trajectories, including economic liberalisation, centralised power, and crony capitalism, which, the author contends, harmed social harmony and livelihoods. Defeating Hindutva politics is presented as essential for India's democratic renewal.
